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"With increased demand for carbon-free energy and accelerated growth of global nuclear power, it is possible that thorium will be used as a nuclear fuel in the foreseeable future. The thorium fuel cycle offers several potential advantages, including superior physical and nuclear properties of fuel, enhanced proliferation resistance, and reduced plutonium and actinide production. Thorium use in light water reactors, high temperature reactors and liquid fluoride thorium reactors has been successfully demonstrated. Recently, many Member States have announced new initiatives involving the use of thorium. " 2019
- Thorium is more plentiful on Earth than uranium. Thorium is estimated to be about three to four times more abundant in the Earth’s crust compared to uranium12. This makes thorium a potentially attractive alternative for nuclear fuel, although it comes with its own set of challenges and considerations.
- WATCH THIS THORIUM-MOLTEN SALT VIDEO
- China has an estimated 100,000 tonnes of thorium reserves12. This significant amount positions China as one of the countries with substantial thorium resources, which could be pivotal for future nuclear energy developments.
- Bill Gates is involved in research related to molten salt reactors through his company, TerraPower. TerraPower is developing advanced nuclear technologies, including molten salt reactors, which use liquid salts as both a coolant and fuel1. While TerraPower’s primary focus has been on sodium-cooled reactors, they have also collaborated with Oak Ridge National Laboratory to explore thorium fuel reactor projects2.
WHERE IS THE MOST PLENTIFUL SUPPLY OF THORIUM FOUND ON EARTH?
- The most plentiful supplies of thorium are found in India, Australia, and the United States. Each of these countries has significant thorium reserves, with India and Australia each possessing about 25% of the world’s thorium resources12. Thorium is primarily found in monazite sands, which are rich in rare earth elements2.
The cost of mining thorium can vary significantly based on several factors, including the type of mining, the size of the mine, and the specific location. Generally, the costs include land clearing, mining, and milling to produce thorium dioxide (ThO2)1.
While thorium itself is not traded as a commodity like oil or gold, the cost of producing thorium fuel is estimated to be competitive with uranium2. This is partly because thorium is more abundant in nature and can be extracted with similar methods3.
DOES CANADA HAVE A PLENTIFUL SUPPLY OF THORIUM?
Canada has a significant supply of thorium. It is estimated that Canada has around 172,000 tonnes of thorium reserves12. This places Canada among the countries with substantial thorium resources, which could be utilized for future energy needs, especially in nuclear reactors.
- In Canada, the majority of thorium resources are found in the Northwest Territories and Ontario1. Canada holds an estimated 172,000 tonnes of thorium2, making it one of the countries with significant thorium reserves globally.
- In Canada, the majority of thorium resources are found in the Northwest Territories and Ontario1. Canada holds an estimated 172,000 tonnes of thorium2, making it one of the countries with significant thorium reserves globally
"The thorium fuel cycle offers several potential advantages over the uranium fuel cycle. Among others,
thorium is geochemically more abundant, it has superior physical and nuclear properties, a better
proliferation resistance (see non-proliferation treaty), and produces lower amount of plutonium and
actinide elements." IAEA 2019
"Thorium does not occur in its metallic form in nature because it is markedly oxyphile and, thus, occurs
as oxides (thorianite), silicates (thorite) and phosphates (frequently with REEs). A common rare earththorium mineral is phosphate monazite, in which the thorium content can reach up to 26%. However,
the most frequent concentrations of thorium in monazite do not exceed 10%. Other common minerals,
however lower in thorium content, are xenotime and zircon." IAEA 2019
"The first nuclear power plants using thorium or thorium-uranium as fuel for producing energy were
mainly experimental and prototype plants. They were developed in the 1960s and brought into operation
in the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in the
Former Soviet Union, and Germany. The initial enthusiasm was not sustained due to sufficient supply
of uranium, which originally was expected not to last for extended time spans and to satisfy
industrialised and developing countries. Nuclear technologies applying both natural and enriched
uranium matured over the time and, thus the ‘uranium fuel cycle’ became the leading nuclear
technology.
" IAEA 2019
"The crustal abundance of thorium is three to five times greater than that of uranium. Thorium occurs as
oxides, silicates and phosphates, often with rare earth elements and other critical materials such as
niobium, tantalum and zirconium. The total world thorium resources are estimated to be around
6 million tonnes. However, thorium resources cannot be compared with uranium resources, the total
identified and predicted resources of which were approximately 9.3 million tonnes as of 2014. These
thorium estimates are based on historic data and recent estimates from a few countries. Thorium geology
and mineralogy, though not widely studied in the past, is currently receiving increasing attention owing
to its close association with rare earth elements and other critical materials. The possibility of thorium
as a by-product of rare earth element production is becoming increasingly relevant today. " IAEA 2019
SEE PG 39-40 FOR CANADA RESOURCES
These Three Above Images Are Clickable Info Links To Science Stufff Review
ADDENDUM
"Thorium can be found in clay deposits. Specifically, thorium is often absorbed by clay minerals, which contributes to the higher levels of radiation detected in shale formations1. This absorption is due to the properties of the clay minerals themselves, such as their potassium content and their ability to fix uranium and thorium1."
POSTSCRIPT
Every Successful, Long Term Corporation Employs the ESG Factor : [wikipedia] : The Basic Principles are : RISK ANALYSIS [editorial comment: RCG]
The Following Is Quoted from Wikipedia
Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance, also known as ESG, describes the three main areas of concern that have developed as the central factors in measuring the sustainability and ethical impact of an investment in a company or business. Within these three areas are a broad set of concerns that are increasingly being included in the non financial factors that figure in the valuation of equity, real-estate, corporations and all fixed-income investments. ESG is the catch-all term for the criteria used in what has become known as Socially Responsible Investment.
Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance, also known as ESG, describes the three main areas of concern that have developed as the central factors in measuring the sustainability and ethical impact of an investment in a company or business. Within these three areas are a broad set of concerns that are increasingly being included in the non financial factors that figure in the valuation of equity, real-estate, corporations and all fixed-income investments. ESG is the catch-all term for the criteria used in what has become known as Socially Responsible Investment.
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In The Beginning SINCE TIME BEGAN : Caveat : Forward Thinking Statement : Caveat : IN TRUTH WE TRUST Until Tomorrow
